Abramian D, Eklund A (2019) Refacing: reconstructing anonymized facial features using GANs. 2019 IEEE 16th international symposium on biomedical imaging: 1104-1108. This paper points out the inadequacy of the FaceMasking tool.
Bidsonym A tool for defacing and deidentifying BIDS data (You'll work with it later)
de Sitter A, Visser M, Brouwer I, Cover KS, van Schijndel RA, Eijgelaar RS et al. (2020) Facing privacy in neuroimaging: removing facial features degrades performance of image analysis methods. Eur Radiol 30: 1062-1074.
DICOM Library A detailed compendium of standard DICOM tags
EZ-BIDS An online tool for converting DICOM data to BIDS
Face Masking An XNAT tool for defacing DICOM anatomical scans (See Milchenko and Marcus D (2013) below)
GDCM Open-source cross-platform binaries for viewing and editing DICOM metadata. See especially gdcmdump and gdcmanon
HIPAA rules (2022 version) This is an official summary of the rules.
HIPAA: UofA_Info_sheet.pdf
HIPAA: Protecting_Patient_Privacy_Guide.pdf
HIPAA:HIPAA_Data_Guide.pdf
Horos A Free Mac Database for storing, viewing, and editing DICOM data. If you work on a Mac, you want this.
Milchenko M, Marcus D (2013) Obscuring surface anatomy in volumetric imaging data. Neuroinformatics 11: 65-75. This paper describes the FaceMasking tool which is used on XNAT servers to deidentify DICOM data. You should have a copy if you ever need to use the tool and reference it in a paper. But keep in mind that it has limited value for deidentification.
Schwarz CG, Kremers WK, Therneau TM, Sharp RR, Gunter JL, Vemuri P, et al. (2019) Identification of Anonymous MRI Research Participants with Face-Recognition Software. N Engl J Med 381: 1684-1686.. This is a very short paper that points out that we have a problem.
Schwarz CG, Kremers WK, Wiste HJ, Gunter JL, Vemuri P, Spychalla AJ et al. (2021) Changing the face of neuroimaging research: Comparing a new MRI de-facing technique with popular alternatives. Neuroimage 231: 117845. An interesting alternative to defacing is called refacing. This essentially does a face transplant to replace the real face with an average face. The paper also provides a nice discussion of the effects of defacing/refacing on data analysis.
Schwarz CG, Kremers WK, Lowe VJ, Savvides M, Gunter JL, Senjem ML et al. (2022) Face recognition from research brain PET: An unexpected PET problem. Neuroimage 258: 119357.
Anonymization Slides (Source Google slides as PDF)
Soteria in 5-minutes: Video: My early experiences with testing Soteria.
An optional hands-on Google Cloud shell tutorial provides practical experience with both gdcm and facemasking):

Anonymization 1 (10 pts)