Learning objectives for this review:

• Analyze the intellectual and ideological contexts of the Enlightenment, identifying how philosophies concerning natural rights, the social contract, and empiricism influenced revolutionary movements across the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.
• Explain the causes and effects of revolutionary movements during this period, linking the rise of nationalism and common identity based on language, religion, and social customs to the proliferation of nation-states and challenges to imperial rule.
• Identify and assess how environmental factors, including geographical resource distribution and urbanization, contributed to the onset of industrialization from 1750 to 1900.
• Trace the diffusion of industrial practices from northwestern Europe to other regions such as the United States, Russia, and Japan, discussing the technological and economic impacts of this spread from 1750 to 1900.
• Examine how advancements in technology, such as the steam engine and the internal combustion engine, shaped economic production during the Industrial Age from 1750 to 1900.
• Analyze the role of government policies in promoting industrialization, highlighting different state-sponsored approaches and their outcomes, with a focus on Japan during the Meiji Era and Western industrial powers from 1750 to 1900.
• Explain how new economic systems and institutions, including capitalism and free markets, emerged during the Industrial Age and their effects on global trade and business practices from 1750 to 1900.
• Evaluate the social responses to industrial capitalism, including labor movements, the emergence of socialism and communism, and governmental and elite resistance to economic reforms from 1750 to 1900.
• Describe how industrialization transformed social hierarchies and living standards, focusing on the rise of new social classes and the challenges posed by rapid urbanization from 1750 to 1900.
• Analyze the extent and ways in which industrialization transformed societies globally from 1750 to 1900, utilizing evidence from key concepts related to industrial capitalism, technological advancements, and intellectual movements of the period.